The existence of followership in a postindustrial paradigm of leadership is highly contested and seldom taught through leadership programs and courses. The essential interdependence of leadership and followership1 edwin p. The purpose of the research was to describe followerships experiences of organisational leadership from a systems psychodynamic perspective. The relationship between followers perceived quality of of. Leadership and followership are unified in an interdependent relationship exemplified by the idea of teamwork. It is variously affected by how followers perceive and respond to a leader, and their being able to exert an upward influence, instead of being shut down by dominance or other constraints of social control. Unlike management, which needs control of manager over its subordinates. Management is a process of managing the activities of the organisation. Introduction leadership is a universal phenomenon and exists in all human societies that focused by researchers and popular press shamir, 2007. This research study aimed to fill this research gap by exploring the leaderfollower relationship in the irish civil service from the perspective of leaderfollowers.
With this orientation there is only limited interest in describing or considering reciprocal in. The essential interdependence of leadership and followership created date. Difference between leadership and management with examples. Offermann, the balance of leadership and followership. Perspectives on integrating leadership and followership. Why followership is now more important than leadership. Introducing followership into the leadership classroom. Hogan and robert blair kaiser, journalthe american psychologist, year2008, volume63 3, pages 18296.
We have long known that followers and followership are essential to leadership. The willingness to be vulnerable to the actions of another, is an essential element in leadership. First, leading and following are strategies that evolved for solving social coordination problems in ancestral environments, including in particular the problems of group movement, intragroup peacekeeping, and intergroup competition. Leadership requires trust of followers on his leader. The relationship between followers perceived quality of relationship and preferred leadership style. Evolutionary origins of leadership and followership.
Most of the people who naturally gravitate toward leadership roles dont have the. Leadership and followership learning objective to recognize the importance of leadership, its basic functions, qualifications for leadership, the forms that leadership takes, and relationships between leaders and followers. Pdf leadership and followership identity processes. If we can understand this, then we will be a long way down the road to creating those followers and hence becoming an effective leader.
A perspective on relational features of leadership. Current directions in psychological science, 12, 7177. However, despite the abundance of investigations into leadership in organizational studies, until recently little attention has been paid to followership in leadership research baker, 2007, bligh, 2011, carsten et al. Ju l i a n chapter 6 the essential interdependence of leadership and followership 67 chapter 7 women and leadership 73 chapter 8 leadership, followership, self, and. Followers permit leaders to establish and keep themselves in control of a situation. The construct of followership is a key component of this study. Adaptations supporting leadership and followership a computational analysis of the coordination problem provides clues to the cognitive processes needed to support leadership cf. In their guiding book, they include authors who believe followership is a worthy area of study and a. The symbiotic nature of the leaderfollower relationship and its. Tasks are assigned from the top to the bottom as well as delegation in order for the financial institution to run.
Leadership is a virtue of leading people through encouraging them. Applications and implications of inclusive leadership il. Leaderfollower relations and the dynamics of inclusion. Jul 26, 2018 leadership requires trust of followers on his leader. Leadership in the dynamic environments of health care should not be viewed as fixed, but rather as coproduced.
A concept is needed that highlights followership as a range of different performance levels, just as leadership exists with many different styles and types. The essential leaderfollower relationship, is an important addition to our series and represents a valuable contribution to the everexpanding field of leadership research and its application in organizations. Chapter 6 the essential interdependence of leadership and followership. Because it is followers who end up doing the work on which any leaders success depends, his work also has played an important role in recognizing followership as an essential component of the leadership equation. The language used for effective followership is exemplary followership, coined by dr. Otherwise, folks caught on the chasms followership side will show no ambition to become leaders. The participation in decision making means that leaders and followers are sharing in responsibilities. Yet, by convention, these phenomena are treated apart. After decades of neglect, followers and followership are beginning to get the attention. University distinguished professor of psychology in the cuny industrial organizational psychology doctoral subprogram at baruch college and the university graduate center. This interest is supported by the long history of the leadership literature in organizational studies. Before you can lead someone else, a group of people, or a company, you must be able to lead yourself.
Julian, contemporary trends in the analysis of leadership processes. Pdf although leadership is one of the most studied areas in management. Woodrow wilson with the march of globalization and internationalization growing louder and stronger, few successful businesses can now escape the need to work across cultures. Carolyn crippen, department of educational psychology and leadership studies supervisor dr. The dynamics of the leader follower relationship research. The nature of leadership can perhaps be best understood by turning the coin over and studying followership. This interest is supported by the long history of the leadership literature in. The chapter recognises followership as an ethical concept, characterised by responsible consent and distinguished by notions of honour and selfdiscipline. Leadership demands foresightedness of leader, but management has a short range vision.
Examining identity is important as most of the dominant theoretical. The hunters agree that the increased cost is a worthwhile investment and go out into the field with copilot for what proved to be, again, a highly successful hunt. The relationship between leadership and followership. They must come to grips with the continuum from followership to leadership, rather than present the two as opposing concepts across a yawning gap. The relationship between followers perceived quality of relationship and preferred leadership style david notgrass college of business administration, tarleton state university, stephenville, texas, usa abstract purpose although leaders and followers are both essential elements within the leadership process. Followership and leadership 8 weaknesses, and those who have their own strengths and weaknesses, making them relatable and real treiger, 2014. Hollander leadership and unity there are many reasons to attend to the unity of leadership and follow ership. He is the author of leaders, groups, and influence 1964, leadership dynamics 1978, and principles and methods of social psychology, 4th ed.
Toward an exploration of followers implicit followership theories of mashhads large organizations using a qualitative approach zahra mohamadzadeh 1. The essential interdependence of leadership and followership electronic version. An integral orientation considers that leadership is constitutively linked with followership and vice versa. However, followers are just as important, without followers there would be no leaders. Kelley successfully developed an assessment to identify the varying types of followers and brought high visibility to the importance of followership in the leaderfollower relationship, which he details in his book the. Why followership is now more important than leadership forbes. However, because of their need to maintain power and distance, selfserving leaders may become detached from how their. The essential interdependence of leadership and followership. Hollander leadership and unity there are many reasons to attend to the unity of leadership and followership.
Concurrently, social upheaval, a globalized economy, and the information age ushered in a new organizational era which rapidly began to alter the patriarchal and often elitist model that dominated much of the 20th century. Pdf a growing body of leadership literature focuses on leader and follower. An essential component of the teacherprincipal relationship by robert darwin nigel ammon b. The relationship between followers perceived quality of. Followership is defined as the beliefs, characteristics, and behaviors that followers bring to the leadership relationship and how they affect leadership and organizational outcomes. T hrough the years, i have been fond of a set of expressions i sometimes use to underscore the importance of an idea or a cause i. There has been even less research into followership in the irish civil service. Leadership and motivation styles vary from individual to individual, it is essential for managers to know and understand leadership, and particular how leadership affects countries and the workplace. The essential interdependence of leadership and followership edwin p. Woodrow wilson with the march of globalization and internationalization growing louder and stronger, few successful businesses can now escape the. Essential management \u20 leadership and followership.
Cultural values and followership style preferences. According to slater 2011, followers are essential to successful leadership. The changing role and practices of successful leaders electronic version. That means discipline, selfactualization, sense of purpose, and humility. But organizations that depend on collective action can be effective only if people learn to practice good leadership and followership.
Ethical concerns are among the valuational elements essential to developing loyalty and trust in this relationship. Leadership is highly praised, but no one says anything about good constituents, collaboratorsor citizens. Tatiana gounko, department of educational psychology and leadership studies. Hollander leadership and followership as a unity there are many reasons to attend to the unity of leadership and follow ership.
Just as we expect our best leaders to be highly competent, credible, and genuine, we also expect those traits from the best followers. Wondering who else might be using the term followership, my research quickly revealed that a growing literature on followership already exists. Essential management leadership and followership there are various communication methodologies among associates, peers, as well as different levels of management within the banking industry. Principles leaders are people who make decisions within organizations and cause others to support and implement these. Both leadership and followership repre sent active roles, given the reality. Johnson professor of leadership studies school of management george fox university 414 n. This study was conducted to determine if a relationship exists between students leadership attitudes and beliefs, their leadership identity, and their perspective on followers. Nevertheless, as the abovequotationsuggests,thenotionsofcostandbenefit. In light of the research that formed the modern views of leadership, followership came into the forefront. There has been insufficient research into leadership in the irish civil service. Procedia social and behavioral sciences 41 2012 84 a 91 18770428 2012 published by elsevier ltd.
The hunters agree that the increased cost is a worthwhile investment and go out into the field with copilot for what proved to be, again, a. Jan 17, 2016 good, skilled followers are able to develop good leaders, by invisibly helping keep the novice leader upright and on track. Ethical challenges in the leaderfollower relationship. This article analyzes the topic of leadership from an evolutionary perspective and proposes three conclusions that are not part of mainstream theory. If effective followership skills are not learned and put into practice, leaders are destined to fail and the. Charismatic leadership theory proposes that effective leaders inspire their employees to commit themselves to goals by communicating a vision, displaying charismatic behavior, and setting a powerful personal example. By the 1980s, academic interest in leadership expanded to include followership and their impact on leadership and leaders. The journal for quality and participation, 331, 49.
Leadership is not a solo activity, but involves an interdependent relationship with followers. Toward an exploration of followers implicit followership. Both leadership and followership represent active roles, given the reality that organizational functions require them at every level. Article information, pdf download for the essential interdependence of leadership and. The major difference between leadership and management are as under. Hollander 1992 spoke about the essential interdependence of leadership and followership p. This brief outlines strategies for integrating material on followership into three. Followerships experiences of organisational leadership. As expected, leadership correlates with initiative taking, trait measures of intelligence, specific task competencies, and several indicators of generosity. Ferdowsi university of mashhad, binaloud higher education institute, mashhad, iran 2.
Leadership followership issues chapter 4 what is the crisis of leadership. Unlike leaders, followers are protected from the hell of disgruntled and malcontent employees who complain about. Leadership is a skill of influencing others while management is the quality of the ruling. Although aurelius was writing for himself, the surviving text is a road map to living a better life. Both leadership and followership repre sent active roles. This ranges from the lower level bank tellers all the way to the bank president. It implies that followers believe that their leader will act with the followers welfare in mind. Effective followers are active participants partners in creating the leadership process. Followership is defined as the willingness to cooperate in working toward the accomplishment of defined goals while demonstrating a high degree of interactive teamwork. Leadershipfollowership issues chapter 4 what is the crisis of leadership. The term is highly contested, as the edited volume by riggio et al. Leading and following are not expressions of who we are but of. Leadership across different cultures the ear of the leader must ring with the voices of the people. The modern workplace has become very sophisticated, and the need for agility and participation in decision making are now more important than ever.